Table of Contents
1. Hello
I'm gds
- Web
- http://kindness.city
- Talk notes
- http://kindness.city/free-for-what.html or .org
(https also works, but http is faster if you're on an old computer)
2. Myths, Legends, and Origin Stories
2.1. GNU
Two articles/posts from 1983:
2.2. BSD Family Tree
https://www.netbsd.org/about/history.html
Wikipedia suggests that 1BSD was in 1978?
The UNIX system family tree: Research and BSD
---------------------------------------------
First Edition (V1)
|
Second Edition (V2)
|
Third Edition (V3)
|
Fourth Edition (V4)
|
Fifth Edition (V5)
|
Sixth Edition (V6) -----*
\ |
\ |
\ |
Seventh Edition (V7) |
\ |
\ 1BSD
32V |
\ 2BSD---------------*
\ / |
\ / |
\/ |
3BSD |
| |
4.0BSD 2.79BSD
| |
4.1BSD --------------> 2.8BSD
| |
4.1aBSD -----------\ |
| \ |
4.1bBSD \ |
| \ |
*------ 4.1cBSD --------------> 2.9BSD
/ | |
Eighth Edition | 2.9BSD-Seismo
| | |
+----<--- 4.2BSD 2.9.1BSD
| | |
+----<--- 4.3BSD -------------> 2.10BSD
| | / |
Ninth Edition | / 2.10.1BSD
| 4.3BSD Tahoe-----+ |
| | \ |
| | \ |
v | 2.11BSD
Tenth Edition | |
| 2.11BSD rev #430
4.3BSD NET/1 |
| v
4.3BSD Reno
|
*---------- 4.3BSD NET/2 -------------------+-------------*
| | | |
386BSD 0.0 | | BSD/386 ALPHA
| | | |
386BSD 0.1 ------------>+ | BSD/386 0.3.[13]
| \ | 4.4BSD Alpha |
| 386BSD 1.0 | | BSD/386 0.9.[34]
| | 4.4BSD |
| | / | |
| | 4.4BSD-Encumbered | |
| -NetBSD 0.8 | BSD/386 1.0
| / | | |
FreeBSD 1.0 <-----' *--NetBSD 0.9 | BSD/386 1.1
| | .----- 4.4BSD Lite |
FreeBSD 1.1 | / / | \ |
| | / | | \ |
FreeBSD 1.1.5 .---|--------' | | \ |
| / | | | \ |
FreeBSD 1.1.5.1 / | | | \ |
| / *--NetBSD 1.0 <-' | \ |
| / | | \ |
FreeBSD 2.0 <--' | | BSD/OS 2.0
| \ | |
FreeBSD 2.0.5 \ | BSD/OS 2.0.1
| .-----\------------- 4.4BSD Lite2 |
| | \ | | | | |
| | .-----|------Rhapsody | | | |
| | | | NetBSD 1.3 | | |
| | | | OpenBSD 2.3 | |
| | | | BSD/OS 3.0 |
FreeBSD 2.1 | | | |
| | | | *--NetBSD 1.1 -. BSD/OS 2.1
| FreeBSD 2.1.5 | | | \ |
| | | | *--NetBSD 1.2 \ BSD/OS 3.0
| FreeBSD 2.1.6 | | | \ OpenBSD 2.0 |
| | | | | \ | |
| FreeBSD 2.1.6.1 | | | \ | |
| | | | | \ | |
| FreeBSD 2.1.7 | | | | | |
| | | | | NetBSD 1.2.1 | |
| FreeBSD 2.1.7.1 | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
*-FreeBSD 2.2 | | | | |
| \ | | | | |
| FreeBSD 2.2.1 | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| FreeBSD 2.2.2 | | | OpenBSD 2.1 |
| | | | | | |
| FreeBSD 2.2.5 | | | | |
| | | | | OpenBSD 2.2 |
| | | | *--NetBSD 1.3 | |
| FreeBSD 2.2.6 | | | | | |
| | | | | NetBSD 1.3.1 | BSD/OS 3.1
| | | | | | OpenBSD 2.3 |
| | | | | NetBSD 1.3.2 | |
| FreeBSD 2.2.7 | | | | | |
| | | | | | | BSD/OS 4.0
| FreeBSD 2.2.8 | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| v | | | | OpenBSD 2.4 |
| FreeBSD 2.2.9 | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
FreeBSD 3.0 <--------* | | v | |
| | | NetBSD 1.3.3 | |
*---FreeBSD 3.1 | | | |
| | | | | BSD/OS 4.0.1
| FreeBSD 3.2----* | .--*--NetBSD 1.4 OpenBSD 2.5 |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| FreeBSD 3.3 | | | | NetBSD 1.4.1 | |
| | | | | | | OpenBSD 2.6 |
| FreeBSD 3.4 | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | BSD/OS 4.1
FreeBSD 4.0 | | | | | NetBSD 1.4.2 | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| FreeBSD 3.5 | | | | | OpenBSD 2.7 |
| | | | | | | | |
| FreeBSD 3.5.1 | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
*---FreeBSD 4.1 | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| FreeBSD 4.1.1 | | / | | | |
| | | | / | | | |
| FreeBSD 4.2 Darwin/ | NetBSD 1.4.3 | |
| | Mac OS X | OpenBSD 2.8 BSD/OS 4.2
| | | | | |
| | | | | |
| | 10.0 *--NetBSD 1.5 | |
| FreeBSD 4.3 | | | | |
| | | | | OpenBSD 2.9 |
| | | | NetBSD 1.5.1 | |
| | | | | | |
| FreeBSD 4.4-. | | NetBSD 1.5.2 | |
| | | Mac OS X | | | |
| | | 10.1 | | OpenBSD 3.0 |
| FreeBSD 4.5 | | | | | |
| | \ | | | | BSD/OS 4.3
| FreeBSD 4.6 \ | | | OpenBSD 3.1 |
| | \ | | NetBSD 1.5.3 | |
| FreeBSD 4.6.2 Mac OS X | | |
| | 10.2 | | |
| FreeBSD 4.7 | | | |
| | | *--NetBSD 1.6 OpenBSD 3.2 |
| FreeBSD 4.8 | | | | |
| | | | NetBSD 1.6.1 | |
| |--------. | | | OpenBSD 3.3 BSD/OS 5.0
| | \ | | | | |
| FreeBSD 4.9 | | | | OpenBSD 3.4 BSD/OS 5.1 ISE
| | | | | | |
| | | | | NetBSD 1.6.2 |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | OpenBSD 3.5
| | | | | v |
| FreeBSD 4.10 | | | |
| | | | | |
| FreeBSD 4.11 | | | |
| | | | |
| `-|------|-----------------|---------------------.
| | | | \
FreeBSD 5.0 | | | |
| | | | |
FreeBSD 5.1 | | | DragonFly 1.0
| \ | | | |
| ----- Mac OS X | | |
| 10.3 | | |
FreeBSD 5.2 | | | |
| | | | | |
| FreeBSD 5.2.1 | | | |
| | | | |
*-------FreeBSD 5.3 | | | |
| | | | OpenBSD 3.6 |
| | | *--NetBSD 2.0 | |
| | | | | | | DragonFly 1.2.0
| | Mac OS X | | NetBSD 2.0.2 | |
| | 10.4 | | | | |
| FreeBSD 5.4 | | | | | |
| | | | | | OpenBSD 3.7 |
| | | | | NetBSD 2.0.3 | |
| | | | | | | |
*--FreeBSD | | | | v OpenBSD 3.8 |
| 6.0 | | | | | |
| | | | | \ | |
| | | | | NetBSD 2.1 | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | *--NetBSD 3.0 | |
| | | | | | | | DragonFly 1.4.0
| | | | | | | OpenBSD 3.9 |
| FreeBSD | | | | | | |
| 6.1 | | | | | | |
| | FreeBSD 5.5 | | | | | |
| | | | | NetBSD 3.0.1 | DragonFly 1.6.0
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | OpenBSD 4.0 |
| | | | | NetBSD 3.0.2 | |
| | | | NetBSD 3.1 | |
| FreeBSD 6.2 | | | |
| | | | | DragonFly 1.8.0
| | | | OpenBSD 4.1 |
| | | | | DragonFly 1.10.0
| | Mac OS X | | |
| | 10.5 | | |
| | | | OpenBSD 4.2 |
| | | *--NetBSD 4.0 | |
| FreeBSD 6.3 | | | | |
| \ | | | | |
*--FreeBSD | | | | | DragonFly 1.12.0
| 7.0 | | | | | |
| | | | | | OpenBSD 4.3 |
| | | | | NetBSD | DragonFly 2.0.0
| | FreeBSD | | 4.0.1 OpenBSD 4.4 |
| | 6.4 | | | |
| | | | | |
| FreeBSD 7.1 | | | |
| | | | | DragonFly 2.2.0
| FreeBSD 7.2 | *--NetBSD OpenBSD 4.5 |
| \ | | 5.0 | |
| \ | | / | \ | |
| | Mac OS X | | | \ | |
| | 10.6 | | | \ | |
| | | | | | NetBSD | DragonFly 2.4.0
| | | | | | 5.0.1 OpenBSD 4.6 |
| | | | | | | | |
*--FreeBSD | | | | | | | |
| 8.0 | | | | | | | |
| | FreeBSD | | | | NetBSD | |
| | 7.3 | | | | 5.0.2 | DragonFly 2.6.0
| | | | | | | OpenBSD 4.7 |
| FreeBSD | | | | | | |
| 8.1 | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | DragonFly 2.8.2
| | | | | | | OpenBSD 4.8 |
| | | | | | *--NetBSD | |
| FreeBSD FreeBSD | | | 5.1 | |
| 8.2 7.4 | | | | | DragonFly 2.10.1
| | | | | | OpenBSD 4.9 |
| `-----. Mac OS X | | | | |
| \ 10.7 | | | | |
| | | | | | OpenBSD 5.0 |
*--FreeBSD | | | | | | |
| 9.0 | | | | NetBSD | DragonFly 3.0.1
| | FreeBSD | | | 5.1.2 | |
| | 8.3 | | | | | |
| | | | | | NetBSD | |
| | | | | | 5.1.3 | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | NetBSD | |
| | | | | | 5.1.4 | |
| | | | | | OpenBSD 5.1 |
| | | Mac OS X | `--------. | |
| | | 10.8 | | | |
| | | | *--NetBSD | | |
| | | | | 6.0 | | |
| | | | | | | | OpenBSD 5.2 DragonFly 3.2.1
| FreeBSD | | | | | NetBSD | |
| 9.1 | | | | | 5.2 | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | NetBSD | |
| | | | | | | 5.2.1 | |
| | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | NetBSD | |
| | | | | | | 5.2.2 | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | \ | |
| | | | | | NetBSD | |
| | | | | | 6.0.1 | |
| | | | | | | OpenBSD 5.3 DragonFly 3.4.1
| | | | | | NetBSD | |
| | | | | | 6.0.2 | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | NetBSD | |
| | | | | | 6.0.3 | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | NetBSD | |
| | | | | | 6.0.4 | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | NetBSD | |
| | | | | | 6.0.5 | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | NetBSD | |
| | | | | | 6.0.6 | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | *--NetBSD | |
| | | | | 6.1 | |
| | FreeBSD | | | | |
| | 8.4 | | NetBSD | |
| | | | | 6.1.1 | |
| | | | | | |
| FreeBSD | | NetBSD | |
| 9.2 | | 6.1.2 | |
| | Mac OS X | | | |
| | 10.9 | | OpenBSD 5.4 |
| `-----. | | | | DragonFly 3.6.0
| \ | | | | |
*--FreeBSD | | | NetBSD | |
| 10.0 | | | 6.1.3 | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | DragonFly 3.6.1
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | DragonFly 3.6.2
| | | | | NetBSD | |
| | | | | 6.1.4 | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | OpenBSD 5.5 |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | DragonFly 3.8.0
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | DragonFly 3.8.1
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | DragonFly 3.6.3
| | | | | | | |
| | FreeBSD | | | | |
| | 9.3 | | | | |
| | | | NetBSD | DragonFly 3.8.2
| | | | 6.1.5 | |
| | Mac OS X | | |
| | 10.10 | | |
| | | | OpenBSD 5.6 |
| FreeBSD | | | |
| 10.1 | | | DragonFly 4.0.1
| | | | | |
| | | | | DragonFly 4.0.2
| | | | | |
| | | | | DragonFly 4.0.3
| | | | | |
| | | | | DragonFly 4.0.4
| | | | | |
| | | | | DragonFly 4.0.5
| | | | | |
| | | | OpenBSD 5.7 |
| | | | | DragonFly 4.2.0
| FreeBSD | | | |
| 10.2 | | | |
| | macOS *--NetBSD 7.0 | |
| | 10.11 | | | OpenBSD 5.8 |
| | | | | `--. | DragonFly 4.4.1
| FreeBSD | | | | OpenBSD 5.9 |
| 10.3 | | | | | |
| | | | | NetBSD | |
| | | | | 7.0.1 | |
| `------. | | | | | DragonFly 4.6.0
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
*--FreeBSD | macOS | | | OpenBSD 6.0 |
| 11.0 | 10.12 | | NetBSD | |
| | | | | | 7.0.2 | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | *--NetBSD | |
| | | | | | 7.1 | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | macOS | | | | DragonFly 4.8.0
| | | 10.13 | | | OpenBSD 6.1 |
| FreeBSD | | | | | | DragonFly 5.0.0
| 11.1 FreeBSD | | | | | |
| | 10.4 | | | | OpenBSD 6.2 DragonFly 5.0.1
| | | | | | | |
| `------. | | | NetBSD | DragonFly 5.0.2
| | | | | 7.1.1 | |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | NetBSD | |
| | | | | 7.1.2 `--. |
| | | | | | |
| | | | `-----. OpenBSD 6.3 |
| | | *--NetBSD | | DragonFly 5.2.0
| | | | 8.0 | | |
| | | | | | | DragonFly 5.2.1
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | DragonFly 5.2.2
| FreeBSD | | | *--NetBSD | |
| 11.2 | | | 7.2 | |
| | macOS | | | |
| | 10.14 | | OpenBSD 6.4 |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | DragonFly 5.4.0
*--FreeBSD | | | | | |
| 12.0 | | | | | DragonFly 5.4.1
| | | | | | OpenBSD 6.5 |
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | NetBSD | |
| | | | | 8.1 | DragonFly 5.6
| | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | DragonFly 5.6.1
| | FreeBSD macOS | | | |
| | 11.3 10.15 | | | |
| FreeBSD | | | | OpenBSD 6.6 |
| 12.1 | macOS | `-------. | |
| | | 10.15.1 | | | DragonFly 5.6.2
| | | | *--NetBSD | | |
| | | | | 9.0 | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | DragonFly 5.8
| | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | DragonFly 5.6.3
| | | | | | NetBSD | |
| | | | | | 8.2 | |
| | | | | | | | DragonFly 5.8.1
| | | | | | | OpenBSD 6.7 |
| | FreeBSD | | | | | |
| | 11.4 | | | | | |
| | | | | | | DragonFly 5.8.2
| | | | | | | DragonFly 5.8.3
| | | | NetBSD | OpenBSD 6.8 |
| | | | 9.1 | | |
| FreeBSD macOS | | | | |
| 12.2 11 | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
| `------. | | | | | |
| | | | | | | |
*--FreeBSD | | | | | | |
| 13.0 | | | NetBSD | OpenBSD 6.9 DragonFly 6.0.0
| | | | | 9.2 | | |
| | | | | | | | DragonFly 6.0.1
| | FreeBSD macOS | | | OpenBSD 7.0 |
| | 12.3 12 | | | | |
| | | | | | | | DragonFly 6.2.1
| | | | | | | OpenBSD 7.1 |
| FreeBSD | | | | | | |
| 13.1 | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | DragonFly 6.2.2
| | | | | NetBSD | | |
| | | | | 9.3 | | |
| | | macOS | | | OpenBSD 7.2 |
| | | 13 | | | | |
| | FreeBSD | | | | | |
| | 12.4 | | | | | |
| | | | | | | DragonFly 6.4.0
| | | | | | OpenBSD 7.3 |
| FreeBSD | | | | | |
| 13.2 | | | | `------. |
| `------. | | | | | |
| | macOS 14 | | `------. | |
| | | | | | OBSD 7.4 |
*-FBSD 14.0 | | | `------. | | |
| | | | | | | | |
| | FBSD 13.3 | | | | | |
| | | | *-NBSD 10.0 | | | |
| | | | | | | | OBSD 7.5 |
| | | | | | NBSD 9.4 | | |
| | | | | | | NBSD 8.3 | |
| FBSD 14.1 | | | | | | |
| | | macOS 15 | | `------. | |
| | | | | `------. | | |
| | FBSD 13.4 | | | | | |
| | | | | | | OBSD 7.6 |
| FBSD 14.2 | | | | | | |
| | | | | NBSD 10.1 | | |
| | FBSD 13.5 | | | | |
| | | | | OBSD 7.7 DBSD 6.4.1
| `------. | | | | DBSD 6.4.2
| | | | | | |
| FBSD 14.3 | | | | |
| | | | | | |
*-FBSD 15.0 | | | | | |
| | | macOS 26 | | | |
| | | ... | | | |
| | | | | OBSD 7.8 |
| | FBSD 14.4 | | | |
| | | | OBSD 7.9 |
| FBSD 15.1 *--NBSD 11.0 | | |
| | NBSD 9.5 | |
| | | |
FBSD 16 -current NBSD 12 -current OBSD-current DBSD-current
| | | |
v v v v
2.4. In The Beginning Was The Command Line
2.5. An oral history of bank python
Today will I take you through the keyhole to look at a group of software systems not well known to the public, which I call "Bank Python". Bank Python implementations are effectively proprietary forks of the entire Python ecosystem which are in use at many (but not all) of the biggest investment banks. Bank Python differs considerably from the common, or garden-variety Python that most people know and love (or hate).
Thousands of people work on - or rather, inside - these systems but there is not a lot about them on the public web. When I've tried to explain Bank Python in conversations people have often dismissed what I've said as the ravings of a swivel-eyed loon. It all just sounds too bonkers.
3. Assorted Ideologies
3.1. GPL vs BSD etc
3.1.1. BSD 2 Clause License
Copyright (c) <year>, <copyright holder>
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
- Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
- Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
3.2. Big vs Small
3.3. Github, Codeberg, Sourceforge, Project Server, etc
3.4. Git, Darcs, Subversion, CVS, Patch Files, Blogs
3.5. Democratic, Consensus, Anarchic, Dictatorship
3.6. Centralised or Distributed
3.7. The politics of the folks in charge
- Am I giving this person power by using software that they give away for free?
- Am I giving this person power by conspicuously not using software that they give away for free?
4. A Few Projects
4.1. Pugs
- Web
- I could only find https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pugs_(compiler)
- Source-control
- svn, then later some archives in git?
- Licence
- GPL or Artistic
No-longer developed, but an early SVN repo seems to have been http://svn.openfoundry.org/pugs (now down). There's a stub of a git archive here: https://github.com/audreyt/Pugs.hs …and the one that got the longest run is here: https://github.com/perl6/Pugs.hs
4.2. Cloud Foundry
- Web
- https://cloudfoundry.org
- Source-control
- git
- Licence
- Apache
There are many repos. Let's look at this one: https://github.com/cloudfoundry/garden-linux.git
4.3. Kubernetes
- Web
- https://kubernetes.org
- Source-control
- git
- Licence
- Apache
There are many repos. Let's look at this one: https://github.com/kubernetes/community.git
4.4. Concourse
- Web
- https://concourse-ci.org
- Source-control
- git
- Licence
- Apache
4.5. NetBSD
- Web
- https://netbsd.org/
- Source-control
- CVS & Mercurial
- Licence
- BSD (2 clause)
4.6. OpenBSD
- Web
- https://openbsd.org
- Source-control
- CVS
- Licence
- …kinda whatever works? See https://www.openbsd.org/policy.html
Various anonymous CVS servers for read-only, including anoncvs@anoncvs.spacehopper.org:/cvs
Oct 18 OpenBSD born, Wednesday 08:37:01 GMT, 1995
OpenBSD is all free. The binaries are free. The source is free. All parts of OpenBSD have reasonable copyright terms permitting free redistribution. More about OpenBSD's copyright policy can be found here.
The maintainers of OpenBSD support the project largely from their own pockets. This includes the time spent programming for the project, equipment used to support the many ports, network resources used to distribute OpenBSD to you, and the time spent answering questions and investigating users' bug reports. The OpenBSD developers are not independently wealthy, and even small contributions of time, equipment and resources make a big difference.
4.7. Emacs
- Web
- https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/
- Source-control
- These days: git
- Licence
- GPL
https://savannah.gnu.org/projects/emacs/
From the manual:
GNU Emacs is “free software”; this means that everyone is free to use it and free to redistribute it under certain conditions. GNU Emacs is not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are restrictions on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed to permit everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do. What is not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version of GNU Emacs that they might get from you. The precise conditions are found in the GNU General Public License that comes with Emacs and also appears in this manual(1). *Note Copying::.
4.8. Orca
- Web
- https://100r.co/site/orca.html
- Source-control
- git
- Licence
- MIT
Repos at sourcehut: https://git.sr.ht/~rabbits/ Philosophy: https://100r.co/site/philosophy.html
4.9. Rails and Mosscap
- Web
- https://rubyonrails.org/ and https://mosscap.dev/
- Source-control
- git
- Licence
- MIT (at least for rails…)
Mosscap have a Governance page that currently says:
We follow a low-overhead governance model that allows us to move quickly and creates a low hurdle for participation. We will initially model our system after concepts from Sociocracy 3.0, particularly:
- Domains and circles
- Roles
- Proposal forming pattern